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  <h1 class="h11">七 明清时期的道教（3）明世宗与陶仲文的前因后果</h1>
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<div class="articleContent" id="articleContent"> <h2>第三节 &nbsp;明世宗与陶仲文的前因后果</h2><p>明太祖朱元璋起义，克复南昌先后时期，世居江西龙虎山嗣汉张天师的四十二世孙张正常，自元代赐号天师以来，即曾以天师身份自居，两度入朝。洪武元年又入贺即位。明太祖却谓：“<span class="qiangdiao1">天有师乎?</span>”乃改授为正一嗣教真人，赐银印，秩视二品，设寮佐，曰赞教，曰掌书，遂为定制。以后天师世系，在明代时期，封秩一如旧制而不衰。如《明史·方伎传》云：</p><p class="letter">张氏自正常以来，无他神异。专恃符箓，祈雨驱鬼，间有小验。顾代相传袭，阅世已久，卒莫废去云。</p><p>此直至明世宗嘉靖年间，忽然又崇信神仙道士长生不老之术，而大开道士升官的途径，一如道君皇帝徽宗的作风。虽然其后果收场，尚不至于如宋徽宗的悲惨，但世宗因服方士的丹药而死，却足为后世富贵多欲中人，妄求长生不老的警戒。如史云：</p><p class="letter">世宗嘉靖三年，道士邵元节入京，封为真人，统辖三宫，总领道教，赐金玉银象印各一。元节，贵溪人也。幼丧父母，出家为龙虎山上清宫道士。又师事李伯芳、黄太初，咸尽其术。宁王宸濠召之，辞不往，放浪江湖间。世宗嗣位，惑内侍崔文等言，好鬼神说，日事斋醮，谏官屡以为言，不纳。嘉靖三年，征元节入京，见于便殿，大加宠信，俾居显灵宫，专司祷祀，雨雪愆期，祷有验。封为清微妙济守静修真凝元衍范志默秉诚致一真人。统辖朝天、显灵、灵济三宫，总领道教。……元节卒，赠少帅，谥为文唐荣静真人。……隆庆初，削元节秩谥。</p><p class="letter_inner">嘉靖十八年，授陶仲文高士号，寻封真人。陶仲文，初名典真，湖北黄冈人。好神仙方术，尝受符水诀于罗田万玉山，与邵元节善。嘉靖中，由黄梅县吏，为辽东库大使，秩满，需次京师，寓元节邸。元节年老，宫中黑眚见，治不效，因荐仲文于帝，以符水噀剑，绝宫中妖。庄敬太子患痘，祷之而瘥，帝深宠异。十八年，南巡，元节病，以仲文代，次卫辉有旋风绕驾，帝问此何祥也?对曰：“<span class="qiangdiao1">主火。</span>”是夕，行宫果火，宫人死者甚多，帝益异之。授神霄保国宣教高士，寻封神霄保国弘烈宣教振法通真忠孝秉一真人，领导教事。寻加少保礼部尚书，又加少傅，又加少师，食一品俸。前此大臣，无兼总三孤如仲文者。十九年，授陶仲文恭诫伯，其徒封真人，廕子世昌为国子生。三十九年，冬十一月，秉一真人领道教事少傅礼部尚书恭诚伯陶仲文卒。</p><p>关于明世宗学道的事，当时反对最力，且敢直言诤谏者，唯见大臣海瑞而已，如史载：</p><p class="letter">丙寅四十五年，春，正月，帝不豫。先是，方士王金陶仿刘文彬、申世文、高守中、陶世恩伪造诸品仙方，以金石药进御，性燥热，帝服，稍稍火发，不能愈。至是，谕徐阶欲幸承天，拜显陵，取药服气，阶奏止之。下户部主事海瑞狱。瑞上言：“<span class="qiangdiao1">陛下即位初年，敬一箴心，冠履分辨，天下忻忻谓焕然更始。无何而锐精未久，妄念牵之，谬谓长生可得，一意修玄，土木兴作，二十余年，不视朝政，法纪弛矣，数行推广事例，名器滥矣。二王不相见，人以为薄于父子；以猜疑诽谤戮辱臣下，人以为薄于君臣；乐西苑而不返大内，人以为薄于夫妇。今愚民之言曰，嘉者家也，靖者尽也，谓民穷财尽，靡有孑遗也。然而内外臣工，修斋建醮，相率进香，天桃天乐，相率表贺，陛下误为之，群臣误顺之。臣愚谓陛下之误多矣，大端在玄修，夫玄修，所以求长生也。尧舜禹汤文武之为君，圣之至也，未能久世不终，下之方外士，亦未见有历汉唐宋至今存者。陛下师事陶仲文，仲文则既死矣，仲文不能长生，而陛下独何求之?至谓天赐仙桃药丸，怪妄尤甚，桃必采乃得，药必捣乃成，兹无因而至，有胫行邪，云天赐之，有手授邪，然则玄修之无益可知矣。陛下玄修多年，靡有一获，左右奸人，揣逆圣意，投桃设药，以谩长生，理之所无，断可见已。陛下诚翻然悟悔，旦旦视朝，与辅宰九卿，侍从言官，讲求天下利害，洗数十年君道之误，置身尧舜禹汤文武之域，使诸臣亦洗心数十年阿君之耻，置身皋夔伊傅周召之列，民熙物洽，薰为太和，陛下性中真药也。道与天通，命由我立，陛下性中真寿也。此理之所有，可旋至立效，乃悬思服食不终之饵，凿想遥兴轻举之方，求之终身，不可得已。</span>”疏奏，上大怒，命速系瑞镇抚狱。冬，十二月，帝崩。</p> </div>
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